Kurt Donald Cobain

Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 – April 5, 1994)was an American singer-songwriter, musician and artist, best known as the lead singer and guitarist of the grunge band Nirvana. Cobain formed Nirvana with Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington in 1985 and established it as part of the Seattle music scene, having its debut album Bleach released on the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989. After signing with major label DGC Records, the band found breakthrough success with "Smells Like Teen Spirit" from its second album Nevermind (1991). Following the success of Nevermind, Nirvana was labeled "the flagship band" of Generation X, and Cobain hailed as "the spokesman of a generation".

Cobain however was often uncomfortable and frustrated, believing his message and artistic vision to have been misinterpreted by the public, with his personal issues often subject to media attention. He challenged Nirvana's audience with its final studio album In Utero (1993). During the last years of his life, Cobain struggled with heroin addiction, illness and depression. He also had difficulty coping with his fame and public image, and the professional and lifelong personal pressures surrounding himself and his wife, musician Courtney Love. On April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead at his home in Seattle, the victim of what was officially ruled a suicide by a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head. The circumstances of his death have become a topic of public fascination and debate. Since their debut, Nirvana, with Cobain as a songwriter, has sold over 25 million albums in the US alone, and over 50 million worldwide.


Early life


Kurt Donald Cobain was born on February 20, 1967, at Grays Harbor Hospital in Aberdeen, Washington, to a waitress, Wendy Elizabeth (née Fradenburg), and an automotive mechanic, Donald Leland Cobain. His father is of Irish ancestry and his maternal grandfather is of German descent. Cobain's Irish ancestors migrated from County Tyrone of Northern Ireland in 1875.Researchers have found them to have been shoemakers, originally named Cobane, who came from the village of Inishatieve near Pomeroy, settling in Cornwall, Ontario, Canada, and then in Washington.Cobain had one younger sister named Kimberly, born in 1970.



Cobain's family had a musical background. His maternal uncle Chuck Fradenburg starred in a band called The Beachcombers, his Aunt Mari Earle played guitar and performed in bands throughout Grays Harbor County, and his great-uncle Delbert had a career as an Irish tenor; making an appearance in the 1930 film King of Jazz. Cobain was described as being a happy and excitable, while sensitive and caring child. His talent as an artist was evident from an early age. His bedroom was described as having taken on the appearance of an art studio,where he would accurately draw his favorite characters from films and cartoons such as Aquaman, the Creature from the Black Lagoon, and Disney characters like Donald Duck, Mickey Mouse and Pluto.This enthusiasm was encouraged by his grandmother Iris Cobain, who was a professional artist herself. Cobain began developing an interest in music early in his life. According to his Aunt Mari, he began singing at two years old. At age four, Cobain started playing the piano and singing, writing a song about their trip to a local park. He listened to artists like the Ramones and would sing songs like Arlo Guthrie's "Motorcycle Song," The Beatles' "Hey Jude", Terry Jacks' "Seasons in the Sun" and the theme song to The Monkees television show at a young age.



When Cobain was seven years old, his parents divorced.Later in his life, he said the divorce had a profound effect on his life. His mother noted that his personality changed dramatically; Cobain became defiant and withdrawn.[16] In a 1993 interview, he elaborated:

"I remember feeling ashamed, for some reason. I was ashamed of my parents. I couldn't face some of my friends at school anymore, because I desperately wanted to have the classic, you know, typical family. Mother, father. I wanted that security, so I resented my parents for quite a few years because of that."

Cobain's parents both found new partners after the divorce. His father had promised not to remarry; however, after meeting Jenny Westeby, he did, to Kurt's dismay. Kurt, his father, Westeby, and her two children Mindy and James, moved into a new household together. Cobain liked Westeby at first, who gave him the maternal attention he desired. In January 1979, Westeby gave birth to a boy, Chad Cobain. This new family, which Cobain insisted was not his real one, was in stark contrast to the attention Cobain was used to receiving as an only boy; he soon began to express resentment toward his stepmother. Kurt's mother began dating a man who was abusive. Cobain witnessed the domestic violence inflicted upon her, with one incident resulting in her being hospitalized with a broken arm.Wendy steadfastly refused to press charges, remaining completely committed to the relationship.

Kurt behaved insolently toward adults. He began bullying another boy at school. These behaviours eventually caused his father and Westeby to take him to a therapist, who concluded that Kurt would benefit in a single family environment. Both sides of the family attempted to bring his parents back together, but to no avail. On June 28, 1979, Cobain's mother granted full custody of Kurt to his father.

Cobain's teenage rebellion quickly became overwhelming for his father, who placed Kurt in the care of family and friends. While living with the born-again Christian family of his friend Jesse Reed, Cobain became a devout Christian and regularly attended church services. Cobain later renounced Christianity, engaging in what would be described as "anti-God" rants. The song "Lithium" is about his experience while living with the Reed family. Religion would remain an important part in Cobain's personal life and beliefs, as he often used Christian imagery in his work and maintained a constant interest in Jainism and Buddhist philosophy. The band name Nirvana was taken from the Buddhist concept, which Cobain described as "freedom from pain, suffering and the external world," which paralleled with the punk rock ethic and ideology. Cobain would regard himself as both a Buddhist and a Jain during different points of his life, educating himself about the philosophies through various sources, including through watching late night television documentaries on both subjects.

Although not interested in sports, Kurt was enrolled in a junior high school wrestling team at the insistence of his father. Kurt was a skilled wrestler, yet despised the experience. Because of the ridicule he endured from his teammates and coach, he allowed himself to be pinned, in an attempt to sadden his father. Later, his father enlisted him in a little league baseball team, where Cobain would intentionally strike out to avoid playing on the team.

Cobain befriended a homosexual student at school, and suffered bullying from heterosexual students who concluded that Cobain was gay. In an interview he said that he liked having the identity of being gay because he didn't like people and when they thought he was gay they left him alone. Kurt stated, "I started being really proud of the fact that I was gay even though I wasn't". His friend tried to kiss him and Kurt backed away and told his friend he was not gay but would still be friends with him. In a 1993 interview with The Advocate, Cobain claimed that he was "gay in spirit" and "probably could be bisexual." He also stated that he used to spray paint "God Is Gay" on pickup trucks in the Aberdeen area. However, Aberdeen police records show that the phrase for which he was arrested was actually "Ain't got no how watchamacallit".[26] One of his personal journals states, "I am not gay, although I wish I were, just to piss off homophobes."

Cobain enjoyed creating works of art. He would often draw during school classes, including objects associated with human anatomy. When given a caricature assignment for an art course, Cobain drew a posing Michael Jackson. When his art teacher told him the caricature would be inappropriate to be displayed in a school hallway, Cobain drew an unflattering sketch of then-President Ronald Reagan.

As attested to by numerous of Cobain's classmates and family members, the first concert he attended was Sammy Hagar and Quarterflash at the Seattle Center Coliseum in 1983.Cobain, however, claimed that the first concert he attended was the Melvins; he wrote prolifically in his Journals of the experience.As a teenager living in Montesano, Cobain eventually found escape through the thriving Pacific Northwest punk scene, going to punk rock shows in Seattle. Cobain soon began frequenting the practice space of fellow Montesano musicians the Melvins.

During his sophomore year in high school, Cobain began living with his mother in Aberdeen. Two weeks prior to graduation, he dropped out of Aberdeen High School upon realizing he did not have enough credits to graduate. His mother gave him a choice: find employment or leave. After one week, Cobain found his clothes and other belongings packed away in boxes.Feeling banished from his own mother's home, Cobain stayed with friends, occasionally sneaking back into his mother's basement.
Cobain also claimed during periods of homelessness to have lived under a bridge over the Wishkah River,an experience that inspired the Nevermind track "Something in the Way". However, Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic said, "He hung out there, but you couldn't live on those muddy banks, with the tides coming up and down. That was his own revisionism."

In late 1986 Cobain moved into an apartment, paying his rent by working at a Polynesian coastal resort approximately 20 miles (32 km) north of Aberdeen.During this period, he was traveling frequently to Olympia, Washington to go to rock concerts.During his visits to Olympia, Cobain formed a relationship with Tracy Marander. The couple had a close relationship, but one that was often strained with financial difficulties and Cobain's absence when touring. Marander supported the couple by working at the cafeteria of the Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, often stealing food. Cobain spent most his time sleeping into the late evening, watching television and concentrating on art projects. Marander's insistence that he get a job caused arguments that influenced Cobain to write "About a Girl", which was featured on the Nirvana album Bleach. Marander is credited with having taken the cover photo for the album. Marander was not aware that "About a Girl" was written about her until years after Cobain's death.

Soon after Marander separated from him, Cobain began dating Tobi Vail, an influential DIY punk zinester of the riot grrrl band Bikini Kill. After meeting Vail, Cobain vomited as he was so completely overwhelmed with anxiety regarding his infatuation with her. This event would inspire the lyric: "Love you so much it makes me sick," which would appear in the song "Aneurysm".While Cobain would regard Vail as his female counterpart, his relationship with her waned. Cobain desired the maternal comfort of a traditional relationship, which Vail regarded as sexist within a countercultural punk rock community. Those who dated Vail would be described by her friend Alice Wheeler as "fashion accessories."Kurt and Tobi spent most of their time together as a couple discussing political and philosophical issues. Cobain's relationship with Vail would inspire the lyrical content of many of the songs on Nevermind. Once, while discussing anarchism and punk rock with friend Kathleen Hanna, Hanna spray-painted "Kurt Smells Like Teen Spirit" on Kurt's apartment wall. Teen Spirit was the name of a deodorant Vail wore; Hanna joked that Cobain smelled like it. Cobain, unaware of this, initially interpreted the slogan as having a revolutionary meaning. The slogan inspired the title to the song "Smells Like Teen Spirit".


Musical influences

The Beatles were an early and lasting influence on Cobain; his aunt Mari remembers him singing "Hey Jude" at the age of two."My aunts would give me Beatles records," Cobain told Jon Savage in 1993, "so for the most part [I listened to] the Beatles [as a child], and if I was lucky, I'd be able to buy a single." Cobain expressed a particular fondness for John Lennon, whom he called his "idol" in his posthumously-released journals,and he admitted that he wrote the song "About a Girl," from Nirvana 1989 debut album Bleach, after spending three hours listening to Meet The Beatles!.


Cobain was also a fan of classic rock bands from the 1970s, including Led Zeppelin, AC/DC, Black Sabbath, Aerosmith, Queen, and Kiss. Nirvana occasionally played cover songs by these bands, including Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song", "Dazed and Confused" and "Heartbreaker", Black Sabbath's "Hand of Doom," and Kiss' "Do You Love Me?", and wrote the Incesticide song "Aero Zeppelin" as a tribute to Led Zeppelin and Aerosmith.

Punk rock proved to be a profound influence on a teenaged Cobain's attitude and artistic style. His first punk rock album was Sandinista! by The Clash,but he became a bigger fan of a fellow 1970s British punk band the Sex Pistols, describing them as "one million times more important than the Clash" in his journals.He was introduced to 1980s American hardcore bands like Black Flag, Bad Brains, Millions of Dead Cops and Flipper by Buzz Osbourne, lead singer and guitarist of the Melvins and fellow Aberdeen, Washington native. The Melvins themselves were an important early musical influence on Cobain, with their heavy, grungy sound mimicked by Nirvana on many songs from Bleach.

Cobain was also a fan of protopunk acts like the Stooges, whose 1973 album Raw Power he listed as his favorite of all time in his journals,and The Velvet Underground, whose 1968 song "Here She Comes Now" the band covered both live and in the studio.

The 1980s American alternative rock band Pixies were instrumental in helping an adult Cobain develop his own songwriting style. In a 1992 interview with Melody Maker, Cobain said that hearing their 1988 debut album, Surfer Rosa, "convinced him to abandon his more Black Flag-influenced songwriting in favor of the Iggy Pop/Aerosmith–type songwriting that appeared on Nevermind.In a 1993 interview with Rolling Stone, he said that "Smells Like Teen Spirit" was his attempt at "trying to rip off the Pixies. I have to admit it. When I heard the Pixies for the first time, I connected with that band so heavily that I should have been in that band—or at least a Pixies cover band. We used their sense of dynamics, being soft and quiet and then loud and hard."

Cobain's appreciation of early alternative rock bands also extended to Sonic Youth and R.E.M., both of which the members of Nirvana befriended and looked up to for advice. It was under recommendation from Sonic Youth's Kim Gordon that Nirvana signed to DGC in 1990,[48] and both bands did a two week tour of Europe in the summer of 1991, as documented in the 1992 documentary, 1991: The Year Punk Broke. In 1993, Cobain said of R.E.M.: "If I could write just a couple of songs as good as what they’ve written … I don’t know how that band does what they do. God, they’re the greatest. They’ve dealt with their success like saints, and they keep delivering great music."

After attaining mainstream success, Cobain became a devoted champion of lesser known indie bands, covering songs by the Vaselines, Meat Puppets, Wipers and Fang onstage and/ or in the studio, wearing Daniel Johnston T-shirts during photo shoots, having the K Records logo tattooed on his forearm, and enlisting bands like The Butthole Surfers, Shonen Knife, Chokebore and Half Japanese along for the In Utero tour in late 1993 and early 1994. Cobain even invited his favorite musicians to perform with him: ex-Germs guitarist Pat Smear joined the band in 1993, and the Meat Puppets appeared onstage during Nirvana's 1993 MTV Unplugged appearance, to perform three songs from their second album, Meat Puppets II.

Nirvana's Unplugged set also included renditions of "The Man Who Sold the World," by British rock musician David Bowie, and the American folk song, "Where Did You Sleep Last Night," as adapted by the American folk musician, Lead Belly. Cobain introduced the latter by calling Lead Belly his favorite performer, and in a 1993 interview revealed he had been introduced to him from reading the American author, William S. Burroughs. "I remember [Burroughs] saying in an interview, “These new rock’n'roll kids should just throw away their guitars and listen to something with real soul, like Leadbelly,'" Cobain said. "I’d never heard about Leadbelly before so I bought a couple of records, and now he turns out to be my absolute favorite of all time in music. I absolutely love it more than any rock’n'roll I ever heard."

Nirvana's acoustic Unplugged set, which was released posthumously as an album in 1994, may have provided a hint of Cobain's future musical direction. The record has drawn comparisons to R.E.M.'s 1992 release, Automatic for the People,[50] and in 1993, Cobain himself predicted that the next Nirvana album would be "pretty ethereal, acoustic, like R.E.M.'s last album."

"Yeah, he talked a lot about what direction he was heading in," Cobain's friend, R.E.M.'s lead singer Michael Stipe, told Newsweek in 1994. "I mean, I know what the next Nirvana recording was going to sound like. It was going to be very quiet and acoustic, with lots of stringed instruments. It was going to be an amazing fucking record, and I’m a little bit angry at him for killing himself. He and I were going to record a trial run of the album, a demo tape. It was all set up. He had a plane ticket. He had a car picking him up. And at the last minute he called and said, 'I can't come.'"

Malay Race

Malay race


This article is about the Malay race. For the Malay ethnic group.
Area historically regarded as being inhabited by the original Austronesian peoples and later migrations

The concept of a Malay race was proposed by the German scientist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840), and classified as the brown race.Since Blumenbach, many anthropologists have rejected his theory of five races, citing the enormous complexity of classifying races. The concept of a "Malay race" differs with that of the ethnic Malays centered around Malaysian Malay Peninsula and parts of the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

The term Malay race was commonly used in the late 19th century and early 20th century to describe the Austronesian peoples.




Etymology

The earliest records of the word Melayu or Malayu came from Chinese record, that reported a kingdom named Malayu had sent the envoy to Chinese court for the first time in 645 CE, it was recorded in the book T'ang Hui Yao collected by Wang p'u during Tang dynasty. Another Chinese source mentioned about the kingdom of Malayu, two book written by a buddhist monk I-tsing or I Ching (義淨; pinyin Yì Jìng) (634–713), in his journey from China to India in 671 he reported:

"When the northeastern wind blow, we sail leaving Canton heading south.... After sailing for twenty days, we reach the land of Srivijaya. We stay there for about six months to learn Sabdavidya. The king was very kind to us. He help to sent us to the land of Malayu, where we stayed for two months. Later we continued our journey to Kedah .... Sailing northward from Kedah, we reached the island of naked people (Nicobar) .... From here we sailed westward for half a month and finally we reached Tamralipti (Indian east coast)"

It was suggested that the term "Melayu" originated from sanskrit word Malaya or Malaiur which means "hill" or "high ground". Another source dated from later period mentioned the name Bhumi Malayu, written in Padang Roco Inscription dated 1286 CE in Dharmasraya, and later in 1347 CE, Adityawarman edicted his own inscription inscribed on Amoghapasa statue, declaring himself as the ruler of Malayupura. The Majapahit record, Nagarakretagama dated 1365 CE, mentioned about lands of Melayu dominated under Majapahit"
.From these records the name Malayu seems to be identified with the area around Batanghari river valley from estuarine to hinterland in present day Jambi and parts of West Sumatra province. The people that inhabit Eastern coast of Sumatra and parts of Malay peninsula identified themself as Malay with common language called Malay language. After the arrival of European people in 16th century, they identify the native people that life on both coast of Malacca strait as Malay people. This term extended to neighboring people with similar traits.

Malays were once referred as "Kun-lun people" in various Chinese records. Kunlun was originally referring to a fabled mountain range that was believed to span parts of Tibet and India. It was used by the Chinese as reference to black, wavy-haired barbarians of the mountains and jungles from the remote part of geographically known world. The Viets, Champas and Khmers were called Kunlun people by the Chinese before the term being applied to the Malays or more accurately Austronesians as a whole. In 750, Jianzhen (688–765) noticed the presence of many "Brahmans, Persians and Kunluns in Canton". The Book of Tang reported that "every year, Kunlun merchants come in their ships with valuable goods to trade with the Chinese,

Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa in Jawi text. Also known as the Kedah Annals, it is an ancient Malay literature that chronicles the bloodline of Merong Mahawangsa and the foundation of Kedah.


The conception of Malay as a race:

In his 1775 doctoral dissertation titled De generis humani varietate nativa (On the Natural Varieties of Mankind), Blumenbach outlined four main human races by skin color, namely Caucasian (white), Ethiopian (black), Native American (red), and Mongolian (yellow).

By 1795, Blumenbach added another race called 'Malay' which he considered to be a subcategory of both the Ethiopian and Mongoloid races. The Malay race were those of a "brown color, from olive and a clear mahogany to the darkest clove or chestnut brown." Blumenbach expanded the term "Malay" to include the native inhabitants of the Marianas, the Philippines, the Malukus, Sundas, Indochina, as well as Pacific Islands such as Tahitians. He considered a Tahitian skull he had received to be the missing link; showing the transition between the "primary" race, the Caucasians, and the "degenerate" race, the Negroids.

Blumenbach writes:

Malay variety. Tawny-coloured; hair black, soft, curly, thick and plentiful; head moderately narrowed; forehead slightly swelling; nose full, rather wide, as it were diffuse, end thick; mouth large. upper jaw somewhat prominent with the parts of the face when seen in profile, sufficiently prominent and distinct from each other. This last variety includes the islanders of the Pacific Ocean, together with the inhabitants of the Marianne, the Philippine, the Molucca and the Sunda Islands, and of the Malayan peninsula. I wish to call it the Malay, because the majority of the men of this variety, especially those who inhabit the Indian islands close to the Malacca peninsula, as well as the Sandwich, the Society, and the Friendly Islanders, and also the Malambi of Madagascar down to the inhabitants of Easter Island, use the Malay idiom


Aceh Sultanate:


Tuanku Muhammad Daudsyah Johan Berdaulat, the last Sultan of Aceh.


Sultan of Sulu



Sultan Of Brunei





Malay:


Suluk/Tausug



Bugis

_Minangkabau

KadazanDusun

murut


sunda

Malaysian context:

In Malaysia, the early colonial censuses listed separate ethnic groups, such as "Malays, Boyanese, Achinese, Javanese, Bugis, Manilamen (Filipino) and Siamese". The 1891 census merged these ethnic groups into the three racial categories used in modern Malaysia—Chinese, ‘Tamils and other natives of India’, and ‘Malays and other Natives of the Archipelago’. This was based upon the European view at the time that race was a biologically based scientific category. For the 1901 census, the government advised the word "race" should replace "nationality" wherever it occurs.
After a period of generations being classified in these groups, individual identity formed around the concept of bangsa Melayu (Malay race). For younger generations of people, they saw it as providing a unity and solidarity against the colonial powers, and non-Malay immigrants. The Malaysian nation was later formed with the bangsa Melayu having the central and defining position within the country.

Philippine context:

In the Philippines, many Filipinos consider the term "Malay" to refer to the indigenous population of the country as well as the indigenous population of neighboring countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei. This misconception is due in part to American anthropologists H. Otley Beyer who proposed that the Filipinos were actually Malays who migrated from Malaysia and Indonesia. This idea was in turn propagated by Filipino historians and is still taught in many schools. However, the prevalent consensus among contemporary anthropologists, archaeologists, and linguists actually proposes the reverse; namely that the ancestors of the Austronesian peoples of the Sunda Islands, Madagascar, and Polynesia had originally migrated south from the Philippines.

Add caption

Indonesian context:

In Indonesia, the term "Malay" (Indonesian: Melayu) is more associated with ethnic Malay than 'Malay race'. It is mostly because Indonesia has other native Indonesian ethnicities that already consolidated and established their culture and identity, and believed they have traditions and dialects that differ to coastal Malay people. Despite sharing some similarities with ethnic Malay; Minang and Javanese do not identify themself as Malay. Thus Malay is considered just as one of myriad Indonesian ethnicities sharing common status with Javanese, Minangkabau, Acehnese, Batak tribes, Balinese, Sundanese, Bugis, Torajan, Dayak, etc. Today the more acceptable umbrella term to describe these commonality is Austronesian, and in Indonesian nationhood perspective as Native Indonesians.
The term 'Malay race' was first coined by foreign scientist during colonial times. During Dutch East Indies era, the natives were grouped under the category inladers or pribumi to describe native Indonesians in contrast to Eurasian Indo people and Asian immigrant (Chinese, Arab and Indian origin). Malay race concept shared in Malaysia and to some degree, the Philippines, also influenced and might be shared by some Indonesians in spirit of inclusivity and solidarity, commonly coined as puak Melayu or rumpun Melayu. The later Indonesian anthropologist used the term 'Malay-Austronesian' to describe Austronesian people to reconcile the Malay race concept with Austronesian language group. However the idea and the degree of 'Malayness' is also vary in Indonesia, from covering the vast area of Austronesian people to confined only in Jambi area where the name 'Malayu' were first recorded. Today, the common identity that binds Malay people together is their language (with variant of dialects exist among them), Islam and their culture.

United States context:

In the United States, the racial classification "Malay race" was introduced in the early twentieth century into the anti-miscegenation laws of a number of western US states. Anti-miscegenation laws were state laws that prohibited marriage between European Americans and African Americans and in some states also other non-whites. After an influx of Filipino immigrants, these existing laws were amended in a number of western states to prohibit marriage between Caucasians and Filipinos, who were designated as members of the Malay race, and a number of Southern states committed to racial segregation followed suit. Eventually 9 states (Arizona, California, Georgia, Maryland, Nevada, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, and Wyoming) explicitly prohibited marriage between Caucasians and Asians. In California, there was some confusion over whether pre-existing state laws prohibiting marriage between whites and "Mongolians" also prohibited marriage between whites and Filipinos. A 1933 Supreme Court of California case Roldan v. Los Angeles County concluded that such marriages were legal as Filipinos were members of the "Malay race" and were not enumerated in the list of races for whom marriage with whites was illegal. The California legislature soon after amended the laws to extend the prohibition against interracial marriage to whites and Filipinos.
Many anti-miscegenation laws were gradually repealed after the Second World War, starting with California in 1948. In 1967, all remaining bans against interracial marriage were judged to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia and therefore repealed.

Sex Pistol

The Sex Pistols were an English punk rock band that formed in London in 1975. They were responsible for initiating the punk movement in the United Kingdom and inspiring many later punk and alternative rock musicians. Although their initial career lasted just two-and-a-half years and produced only four singles and one studio album, Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols, they are regarded as one of the most influential acts in the history of popular music.



The Sex Pistols originally comprised vocalist Johnny Rotten, guitarist Steve Jones, drummer Paul Cook and bassist Glen Matlock. Matlock was replaced by Sid Vicious in early 1977. Under the management of impresario Malcolm McLaren, the band provoked controversies that captivated Britain. Their concerts repeatedly faced difficulties with organizers and authorities, and public appearances often ended in mayhem. Their 1977 single "God Save the Queen", attacking Britons' social conformity and deference to the Crown, precipitated the "last and greatest outbreak of pop-based moral pandemonium".

In January 1978, at the end of a turbulent tour of the United States, Rotten left the band and announced its break-up. Over the next several months, the three other band members recorded songs for McLaren's film version of the Sex Pistols' story, The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle. Vicious died of a heroin overdose in February 1979. In 1996, Rotten, Jones, Cook and Matlock reunited for the Filthy Lucre Tour; since 2002, they have staged further reunion shows and tours. On 24 February 2006, the Sex Pistols—the four original members plus Vicious—were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but they refused to attend the ceremony, calling the museum "a piss stain".

Anarki(Anarchy).

Etimologi:

Kata anarki adalah sebuah kata serapan dari anarchy (bahasa Inggris) dan anarchie (Belanda/Jerman/Perancis), yang juga mengambil dari kata Yunani anarchos/anarchia. Ini merupakan kata bentukan a (tidak/tanpa/nihil) yang disisipi n dengan archos/ archia (pemerintah/kekuasaan). Anarchos/anarchia = tanpa pemerintahan. Sedangkan Anarkis berarti orang yang mempercayai dan menganut anarki.

Anarkisme:

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.


Anarkisme merupakan suatu falsafah dan cara hidup yang menolak pemaksaan kedaulatan sesuatu kerajaan ke atas seseorang.Di dalam erti makna yang lebih besar, anarkisme menolak kerajaan yang berasaskan paksaan ataupun yang berjangka panjang.Pemikiran ini juga menyokong pemansuhan kerajaan.Anarkisme merupakan satu fahaman yang percaya bahawa kerajaan adalah satu badan yang berbahaya dan tidak diperlukan oleh individu dan masyarakat. Frasa anarkisme berasal dari perkataan Yunani αναρχία yang secara harfiah bermaksud tanpa "archons", tanpa pemerintah.

Anarkisme mempunyai pelbagai jenis dan tradisi yang berlainan dari pelbagai sudut tetapi bukan semua tradisi itu wujud berasingan.Tiada satu fahaman yang boleh menjelaskan falsafah yang dipegang oleh kesemua para anarkis dan para anarkis secara mutlaknya hanya mempunyai kesamaan yang kurang jelas.Anarkis-anarkis yang berbeza pendapat mengemari beberapa sistem ekonomi. Ramai yang menyokong satu sistem yang merupai komunisme libertarian, anarkisme kolektivis atau "participatory economics". Sebahagian lain menyokong pasaran bebas seperti yang diperkatakan di dalam mutualisme, agorisme atau kapitalisme anarkis. Para anarkis mungkin mempunyai perbezaan dari segi pokok dengan memperjuangkan falsafah-falsafah dari individualisme ke kolektivisme.

Pandangan:

Anarki itu cuma menyangkut empat garis merah berikut.

1:anarki adalah perindu kebebasan martabat individu. Ia menolak segala bentuk penindasan. Jika penindas itu kebetulan pemerintah, ia memilih masyarakat tanpa pemerintah. Jadi, anarki sejatinya bumi utopis yang dihuni individu-individu yang ogah memiliki pemerintahan dan menikmati kebebasan mutlak.
2:konsekuensi butir pertama adalah, anarki lalu antihirarki. Sebab hirarki selalu berupa struktur organisasi dengan otoritas yang mendasari cara penguasaan yang menindas. Bukannya hirarki yang jadi target perlawanan, melainkan penindasan yang menjadi karakter dalam otoritas hirarki tersebut.
3: anarkisme adalah paham hidup yang mencita-citakan sebuah kaum tanpa hirarki secara sospolekbud yang bisa hidup berdampingan secara damai dengan semua kaum lain dalam suatu sistem sosial. Ia memberi nilai tambah, sebab memaksimalkan kebebasan individual dan kesetaraan antar individu berdasarkan kerjasama sukarela antarindividu atau grup dalam masyarakat.
4: tiga butir di atas adalah konsekuensi logis mereaksi fakta sejarah yang telah membuktikan, kemerdekaan tanpa persamaan cuma berarti kemerdekaan para penguasa, dan persamaan tanpa kemerdekaan cuma berarti perbudakan.


Dari awal hingga kini:

Pada empat garis merah itulah anarki berkiprah sejak lahir sampai saat ini. Dimulai sekitar akhir abad XVII oleh kaum buruh di berbagai negara Eropa semisal Rusia dan Sepanyol, anarkisme menyebar ke Asia dan AS.

Tokoh-tokoh anarkis awal yang terkenal adalah Max Stirner (1806-1856), Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865), Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876), Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921). Mereka tokoh-tokoh anarkis awal yang bukan hanya menurut teori sahaja tapi berupaya mewujudnyatakan paham anarkisme dengan program-program yang sistemik.


Pelanjut:

Setelah tokoh-tokoh tersebut tiada, anarkisme seolah-olah koma. Tapi tidak mati. Secara sporadis, terdapat banyak figur yang coba mengembangkan anarkisme di berbagai negara. Di AS bisa dijumpai Emma Goldman dan Alexander Berkman. Mereka berdua akhirnya dibuang pemerintah AS karena dianggap mengganggu stabilitas AS – yang konon the land of the free. Di samping mereka, ada pula Voltairine de Cleyre, yang terkenal dengan puisi-puisi anarkisnya.

Di Itali, gerakan anarkisme telah melahirkan cukup banyak penulis anarkis seperti Errico Malatesta, Luigi Galleani, Camillo Berneri, dan lain-lain.

Dari Rusia, Leo Tolstoi dikenal sebagai penulis anarkisme religius. Karya-karyanya memengaruhi banyak manusia kualitas unggul semisal Mahatma Gandhi dan Dorothy Day, tokoh Catholic Worker Group. Filsafat mulur-mungkret Ki Ageng Suryamentaram dan Saminisme sekitar Blora mungkin mendapat ilham dari kenyentrikan anarkisme.

TEORI POLITIK:

Anarkisme adalah teori politik yang bertujuan untuk menciptakan masyarakat tanpa hirarkis (baik dalam politik, ekonomi, maupun sosial). Para Anarkis berusaha mempertahankan bahwa anarki, ketiadaan aturan-aturan, adalah sebuah format yang dapat diterapkan dalam sistem sosial dan dapat menciptakan kebebasan individu dan kebersamaan sosial. Anarkis melihat bahwa tujuan akhir dari kebebasan dan kebersamaan sebagai sebuah kerjasama yang saling membangun antara satu dengan yang lainnya. Atau, dalam tulisan Bakunin yang terkenal:
"kebebasan tanpa sosialisme adalah ketidakadilan, dan sosialisme tanpa kebebasan adalah perhambaan dan kebrutalan"


ANARKISME DAN AGAMA:

Pada dasarnya, sejak mulai dari Proudhon, Bakunin, Berkman, dan Malatesta sampai pada kelompok-kelompok anarkis yang lain, anarkisme selalu bersikap skeptik dan anti terhadap institusi agama. Dalam pandangan mereka, institusi keagamaan selalu bersifat hirarki dan mempunyai kekuasaan seperti layaknya negara, dan oleh karena itu harus ditolak. Tetapi dalam agama sendiri (Kristen, Yahudi, Islam, dll) sebenarnya pemikiran akan “anarkisme” dalam pengertian “without ruler” sudah banyak ditemui.


ANARKIS-KRISTIAN:

Dalam agama Kristen, konsep yang dipakai oleh kaum anarkis-kristen adalah berdasarkan konsep bahwa hanya Tuhan yang mempunyai otoritas dan kuasa di dunia ini dan menolak otoritas negara, dan juga gereja, sebagai manifestasi kekuasaan Tuhan. Dari konsep ini kemudian berkembang konsep-konsep yang lain misalnya pasifisme (anti perang), non-violence (anti kekerasan), abolition of state control (penghapusan kontrol negara), dan tax resistance (penolakan membayar pajak). Semuanya itu dalam konteks bahwa kekuasaan negara tidak lagi eksis di bumi dan oleh karena itu harus ditolak. Tokoh-tokoh yang menjadi inspirasi dalam perkembangan gerakan anarkis-kristen antara lain : Soren Kierkegaard, Henry David Thoreau, Nikolai Berdyaev, Leo Tolstoy, dan Adin Ballou.


Siren Kierkegaard.


ISLAM DAN ANARKIS:


Hakim Bey


Dalam agama Islam, kelompok anarkisme melakukan interpretasi terhadap konsep bahwa Islam adalah agama yang bercirikan penyerahan total terhadap Allah (bahasa Arab allāhu الله), yang berarti menolak peran otoritas manusia dalam bentuk apapun. Anarkis-Islam menyatakan bahwa hanya Allah yang mempunyai otoritas di bumi ini serta menolak ketaatan terhadap otoritas manusia dalam bentuk fatwa atau imam. Hal ini merupakan elaborasi atas konsep “tiada pemaksaan dalam beragama”. Konsep anarkisme-islam kemudian berkembang menjadi konsep-konsep lainnya yang mempunyai kemiripan dengan ideologi sosialis seperti pandangan terhadap hak milik, penolakan terhadap riba, penolakan terhadap kekerasan dan mengutamakan self-defense, dan lain-lain. Kelompok-kelompok dalam Islam yang sering diasosiasikan dengan anarkisme antara lain : Sufisme dan Kelompok Hashshashin.

Salah seorang tokoh muslim anarkis yang berpengaruh yaitu Peter Lamborn Wilson, yang selalu menggunakan nama pena Hakim Bey. Dia mengkombinasikan ajaran sufisme dan neo-pagan dengan anarkisme dan situasionisme. Dia juga merupakan seorang yang terkenal dengan konsepnya Temporary Autonomus Zones.

Yakoub Islam, seorang anarkis muslim, pada 25 Juni 2005 mempublikasikan Muslim Anarchist Charter (Piagam Muslim Anarkis), yang berbunyi :


1:Tiada tuhan selain Allah dan nabi Muhammad adalah utusannya;
2:Tujuan dari hidup ialah untuk membangun sebuah hubungan kasih yang damai dengan Yang Maha Esa melalui pemahaman untuk bertindak sesuai ajaran, wahyu, serta tanda-tandanya di dalam Penciptaannya juga hati manusia;
3:Demi tujuan seperti itu kita harus memiliki komitmen yang kuat untuk mempelajarinya dengan kehendak hati yang bebas, dan secara sadar menolak setiap bentuk kompromi dengan institusi kekuasaan, entah dalam bentukbnya yang yuridis, relijius, sosial, korporatik maupun politis;
4:Demi tujuan seperti itu kita harus aktif di dalam kegiatan merealisasikan keadilan yang bertujuan untuk membangun sebuah komunitas-komunitas dan masyarakat dimana pembangunan jiwa yang spiritual tidak terbatasi lagi oleh kemiskinan, tirani, dan ketidakpedulian.

Piagam Muslim Anarchist menolak:

Kekuatan fasis yang bertujuan untuk memapankan kebenaran tunggal yang absolut, termasuk patriarki, kerajaan, dan kapitalisme.




Punk dan Anarkis:

Anarko-punk

Kegagalan Reaganomic dan kekalahan Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Vietnam di tahun 1980-an turut memanaskan suhu dunia punk pada saat itu. Band-band punk gelombang kedua (1980-1984), seperti Crass, Conflict, dan Discharge dari Inggris, The Ex dan BGK dari Belanda, MDC dan Dead Kennedys dari Amerika telah mengubah kaum punk menjadi pemendam jiwa pemberontak (rebellious thinkers) daripada sekadar pemuja rock n’ roll. Ideologi anarkisme yang pernah diusung oleh band-band punk gelombang pertama (1972-1978), antara lain Sex Pistols dan The Clash, dipandang sebagai satu-satunya pilihan bagi mereka yang sudah kehilangan kepercayaan terhadap otoritas negara, masyarakat, maupun industri musik.




Di Indonesia, istilah anarki, anarkis atau anarkisme digunakan oleh media massa untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan perusakan, perkelahian atau kekerasan massal. Padahal menurut para pencetusnya, yaitu William Godwin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, dan Mikhail Bakunin, anarkisme adalah sebuah ideologi yang menghendaki terbentuknya masyarakat tanpa negara, dengan asumsi bahwa negara adalah sebuah bentuk kediktatoran legal yang harus diakhiri.

Negara menetapkan pemberlakuan hukum dan peraturan yang sering kali bersifat pemaksaan, sehingga membatasi warga negara untuk memilih dan bertanggung jawab atas pilihannya sendiri. Kaum anarkis berkeyakinan bila dominasi negara atas rakyat terhapuskan, hak untuk memanfaatkan kekayaan alam dan sumber daya manusia akan berkembang dengan sendirinya. Rakyat mampu memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya sendiri tanpa campur tangan negara.



Kaum punk memaknai anarkisme tidak hanya sebatas pengertian politik semata. Dalam keseharian hidup, anarkisme berarti tanpa aturan pengekang, baik dari masyarakat maupun perusahaan rekaman, karena mereka bisa menciptakan sendiri aturan hidup dan perusahaan rekaman sesuai keinginan mereka. Punk etika semacam inilah yang lazim disebut DIY (do it yourself/lakukan sendiri).

Keterlibatan kaum punk dalam ideologi anarkisme ini akhirnya memberikan warna baru dalam ideologi anarkisme itu sendiri, karena punk memiliki ke-khasan tersendiri dalam gerakannya. Gerakan punk yang mengusung anarkisme sebagai ideologi lazim disebut dengan gerakan Anarko-punk.





Anarko-skinhead




Anarko-skinhead atau Anarko-skin adalah sebutan untuk sebuah gerakan anarkisme yang dilakukan oleh para Skinhead, mereka adalah kelompok skinhead anti-fasis yang fanatik, dan juga berasal dari kelas pekerja. Kebanyakan dari mereka bergabung dengan kelompok-kelompok anarkis seperti ASAP (Anarchist Skins and Punks/Kelompok Skinhead dan Punk Anarkis) di Amerika Serikat dan FASH (Federacion Anarco-Skinhead/Federasi Anarcho-skinhead) di Spanyol dan sebagian wilayah Amerika Latin. Beberapa lainnya bergabung dengan kelompok anti-rasis seperti SHARP (Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice) atau kelompok kiri seperti RASH (Red and Anarchist Skinheads). Serta banyak juga yang tidak bergabung dengan kelompok politik manapun.




Keyakinan anarkis:

Sejumlah karya pikir para humanis dewasa ini semisal Noam Chomsky, Colin Ward, O'Hara dan Murray Bookchin, mengandung prinsip garis merah anarkisme. Bahkan mereka acapkali didaftar sebagai kaum anarkis. Muara dari deret panjang karya tulis dan berbagai kegiatan lain kaum anarkis adalah empat garis merah di atas. Untuk mengontrol konsistensi garis merah tersebut, berikut ini empat contoh keyakinan kaum anarkis.

1:Anarkisme adalah sebuah sistem sosialis tanpa pemerintahan. Ia dimulai di antara manusia, dan akan mempertahankan vitalitas dan kreativitasnya selama merupakan pergerakan dari manusia (Peter Kropotkin).
2:penghapusan eksploitasi dan penindasan manusia hanya bisa dilakukan lewat penghapusan dari kapitalisme yang rakus dan pemerintahan yang menindas (Errico Malatesta).
3:kebebasan tanpa sosialisme adalah ketidakadilan, dan sosialisme tanpa kebebasan adalah perbudakan dan kebrutalan (Mikhail Bakunin).
4:kami tidak perlu merangkul dan menggantungkan hidup kepada pengusaha kaya sebab hujungnya mereka untung dan kami buntung. Tanpa mereka, kami tetap bisa mengorganisasikan pertunjukan, acara, demonstrasi, mempublikasikan buku dan majalah, menerbitkan rekaman, mendistribusikan literatur dan semua produk kami, mengadakan boikot, dan berpartisipasi dalam aktivitas politik. Dan kami dapat melakukan semua itu dengan baik (O'Hara).


Menentang Tujuh Isme:

Akibat logis sikap anarki di atas, maka ia menentang tujuh isme dan kondisi yang merecoki cita-citanya, sebagai berikut.

1:melawan kapitalisme – biang diskriminasi ekonomis ialah selalu berujung pada privilese lapisan atas. Kaum anarkis, sebagai bagian sirkuit masyarakat lapisan bawah, yakin bisa melakukan banyak hal secara independen.
2:melawan rasisme. Kaum anarkis menandaskan semua bangsa, ras, warna kulit, dan golongan adalah sederajat.
3:melawan sexisme. Kaum anarkis menganggap semua jenis seks: wanita, pria, dan bahkah di luar dua jenis seks itu, memiliki hak yang sama atas apapun.
4:melawan fasisme atau supranasionalis. Kaum anarkis beranggapan tak ada bangsa yang melebihi bangsa lain. Semua setaraf dalam perbedaannya.
5:melawan xenophobia - ketakutan dan kebencian apriori pada hal baru atau asing. Kaum anarkis melawannya sebab xenophobia bisa berkembang jadi fasisme ialah anti terhadap dan menganggap buruk semua hal dari luar.
6:melawan perusakan lingkungan, habitat dan segala bentuk perusakan dan atau tindakan kekerasan terhadap semua makhluk hidup. Maka kaum anarkis menentang segala bentuk percobaan dengan hewan. Itu berarti sewenang-wenang terhadap kehidupan. Padahal, kehidupan tak bisa diciptakan manusia, harus dihargai. Maka banyak kaum anarkis yang hidup vegetarian.
7:melawan perang dan 1.001 sumber, alat dan perkakasnya, misalnya militerisme. Bagi kaum anarkis, segala bentuk kekerasan atau penghancuran kehidupan adalah nista. Perang adalah sesuatu hal yang sangat tidak berguna bagi dunia dan penghuninya. Maka segala sumbernya harus segera dihapuskan.

Daun Saderi

Daun Saderi atau daun sup merupakan sejenis sayur yang berbatang lembut yang kaya dengan zat besi, fosforus, natrium, kalium, karotena, vitamin A, B-Kompleks dan C dan magnesium. Daun ini dikenali sebagai Apium graveolens dan berasal dari keluarga Dulce umbelliferae.
Daun Sadri atau seleri

Kegunaan:

Daun saderi merupakan penawar bagi menurunkan tekanan darah tinggi.
Terdapat belbagai cara untuk menggunakan seleri sebagai ubat untuk mengubati tekanan darah tinggi dan cara yang paling berkesan adalah dengan memasukan sedikit daun seleri yang dipotong kecil-kecil dan ditumbuk halus bersama-sama dengan sedikit air dan gula. Untuk keberkesanan yang lebih baik ia hendaklah diminum 3 kali sekali.

Selain itu, seleri juga dapat mengubati keracunan yang berpunca daripada jangkitan bakteria. Antaranya adalah seperti terpijak paku berkarat, jangkitan kuman di bahagian luka atau dalam saluran kencing dan kes melecur teruk menyebabkan keracuanan darah dikenali sebagai sepsis atau septicemia.Kandungan garam galian dalam seleri memulihkan sifat alkalin dalam darah dan membantu menghentikan pembiakan kuman.

Rujukan:-

↑ A Health Benefit of Celery is it`s ability to lower blood pressure.
↑ Celery Seed Extract

Penanaman:

Beli Daun Sup dari pasar yang mempunyai akar. Rendamkan pokok daun sup itu di dalam bekas yang berisi air paip selama lebih kurang 1 hari. Semasa hendak tanam, potong daunnya (untuk dibuat masakan) dan tinggalkan akar dan pangkal pokok lebih kurang 1 - 2 inci. Tanam dalam pasu dan pastikan tanahnya sentiasa dijirus air dan sentiasa lembab. Letak ditempat teduh. Jangan jirus air terlalu banyak kerana ia akan reput.

Untuk menggunakan daun sup untuk masakan, jangan cabut keseluruhan pokok tersebut. Setakat ambil sahaja daunnya sahaja sebanyak mana yang diperlukan dan yang selebihnya boleh diambil apabila diperlukan supaya anda sentiasa mendapati daun yang segar. Lebih elok ambil daun yang lama dan biarkan pokoknya tumbuhkan daun baru.

Via:wikipedia


-Oh Tuhan sekalian alam,terima kasih kerana menciptakan tumbuhan yang sedap ini.